Syntax
SYNTAX is the arrangement of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases, and the study of formation of sentences and the relationship of their component parts.
Please check the power point on the link below to know more about syntax
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/16-sCz6479IlSGGyiL_YbbeoqfGf6iD2nVdylU8o8Pbk/edit?usp=drivesdkPlease check the power point on the link below to know more about syntax
You can also visited my source of this study on this link https://writingexplained.org/grammar-dictionary/syntax
If you have any question, please comment below. Thank you 🤗
BalasHapusAs you say in your article, that Syintax is the arrangement of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases, and the study of sentence formation and the relationship of its component parts.
So, how is the rules to arrange the words to be sentences and what is the component parts which you mean in your statement?
There are two statements that I want to show you.
HapusFirst, the study of syntax is the study of how words combine to from phrases and ultimately sentences in languages. Because it consists of phrases that are put together in a particular way, a sentence has a structure. The structure consists of way in which the words are organized into phrases and the phrases are organized into larger phrases. The study of phrases and sentences structure is sometimes called grammar. (Tserdanelis and Wong, 2004)
Second, syntax is that part of our linguistics knowledge which concerns the structure of sentences. Knowing a language also means being able to put words together to form sentences to express our thoughts. (Fromkin and Rodman,1983)
From the experts’ explanation above we can conclude that syntax is the study of internal structure of sentences. In this case, it explains how words are arranged become phrases and clauses for constructing sentence. It is commonly we call structure.
The component parts that I meant before are the words that you arrange should have a relationship. For example, the sentence should have a criteria. The criteria in making a sentence at least has a subject, verb and object/adverb. Example:
Correct : I go to school
Incorrect : I goes to school.
There is something wrong in the component parts or component words that use goes as the verb of I. Because, it is incorrect. You should use verb go without es. So that, Structure manages how words can be combined with another for creating good sentence.
Well noted, in your example the correct is " I go to school ". Yeah that's true, because in simple present tense, have to to add s/es in the verb only for subject She, He, It.
BalasHapusBut why do you use " I ", why not " I'm " ?
And how about the structure, because you not explained how about the structure. Could I arrange the sentence become : "To school, I go." Is it correct?
Well noted, in your example the correct is " I go to school ". Yeah that's true, because in simple present tense, have to to add s/es in the verb only for subject She, He, It.
BalasHapusBut why do you use " I ", why not " I'm " ?
And how about the structure, because you not explained how about the structure. Could I arrange the sentence become : "To school, I go." Is it correct?
Good question. I use I but not I am because we could arrange the sentence correctly based on the grammar structure. You can see that go is a verb. So that, we don't use I am. In present tense, the correct one is before verb we use only subject without to be (am, is, are).
Hapus'To school, I go' is an incorrect sentence. Because you don't use the correct structure. So, the correct structure of the sentence is Subject + Verb + Object. The sentence should be I go to school. As we know that the example is using verbal sentence. So because we use present tense, so that the verb is verb 1. The structure should based on the tenses we use.
Ok sikin. So, Simple present tense use Verb 1, but how about this sentece. This is present tense or what?
Hapusa. I am a student
b. I a student
Which the corrrect one? And please help explain to me what the reason?
The first sentence is correct. It is because the arrangement of the words in the sentence correctly based on the grammar structure. The sentence is using simple present tense.
HapusThe second sentence is incorrect. It is because the arrangement of the words in the sentence aren't based on the grammar structure. As we know that nominal sentences followed by noun or adjective. And we can see that a student is a noun. In nominal sentence we should use to be (am, is, are). Because the subject is I, so that we use to be am. But the second sentence didn't use to be (am). So, it is totally wrong in grammar structure.
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BalasHapusHi sikin , nice persentation :)
BalasHapusl want ask you ,can you explain pararel sentence and does syntax relation with morphology ?
Thank you.
HapusParallel structure, or parallelism, means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance. Words and phrases should not only match in structure, but also in tense. Writers use parallel structure to add clarity to their writing and to make it easier to understand. It also adds value to a writer's overall composition and shows that their writing is structurally and grammatically correct.
Parallel structure should be used when you connect clauses with a coordinating conjunction such as: for, and, nor, or, but, so, or yet. Some examples of this include:
Correct: Every morning, we make our bed, eat breakfast and feed the dog.
Incorrect: Every morning, we make our bed, eating breakfast and feed the dog.
The first example above show us that the words and phrases not only match in structure, but also in tense. You can see from the words 'make', 'eat' and 'feed'. All the three words are using verb 1 and they are using the same tense 'present tense'.
The second example You can see from the words 'make', 'eating' and 'feed'. All the three words are using verb 1 but there is one word that using verb+ing or gerund and they aren't parallel because the word didn't match in structure.
There is a relationship between Syntax and Morphology. Morphology is the structure of words; syntax is the structure of (words in) sentences.
Morphology is the arrangement and relationships of the smallest meaningful units in a language. Every human language depends on sounds. When specific sounds are put together in a specific way, words, phrases, and finally sentences can be created. This is how messages are sent and received.
In order to understand morphology, you need to know the term morpheme, which is the smallest unit of a word with meaning. That meaning is how language conveys messages. Morphemes are more than just letters. When a number of letters are put together into a word part that now has meaning, then you have a morpheme. Morphology studies how these units of meaning, or word parts, can be arranged in a language.
Examples
Let's illustrate the role of morphemes through some examples. Look at the following list of words:
Firehouse
Doghouse
Bathroom
Chairlift
Each of these words has several phonemes, or distinct sounds. Firehouse begins with an -f sound and ends with the -s sound. However, those sounds alone don't have meaning. Breaking the first word into smaller parts shows the morphemes fire and house. These are morphemes as they contain inherent meaning. Fire means bright light, heat, and smoke, while house means a dwelling for human beings. Putting these together creates a completely new word.
Julien, Marit LU
(2007) said that according to the traditional view, the relation between morphology and syntax is the following: these two components of grammar are ordered in strict sequence, such that the syntax takes over after the morphology has done its work.
Kak sikin, please give an example of applying the syntax in the sentence and explain?
BalasHapusI give simple examples :
Hapus1. I went to school yesterday.
2. Yesterday, I went to school.
Both of the sentences above are correct. Because, the sentences used correct structure, but they are in different syntax. First sentence use the following structure subject-verb-object-adverb.
Second sentence use the following structure adverb-subject-verb-object.
I give you more examples here
1. The boy jumped happily.
2. The girl sang beautifully.
3. The dog barked loudly.
Each of these sentences has the same syntax. Each sentence follows the structure of subject-verb-adverb. However, each sentence uses different diction (word choice).
The following examples have similar diction but different syntax.
1. The boy jumped happily.
2. The boy happily
Happily, the boy jumped.
Each of these sentences has the same diction. Each sentence uses the same four words. However, each sentence has different word order to create different syntax.
In other words, diction and syntax focus on different things. Diction focuses on word choice, while syntax focuses on the order and structure of those words.
One thing we should know that by rearranging just one word in the sentence, a varied syntax is formed.
Hello kak Sikin.. How are you? I want ask for you about syntax.
BalasHapusI hear from Mr. Budi that syntax is the study about Grammar, As your article, that Syntax is the arrangement of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases, and the study of sentence formation and the relationship of its component parts.
My Question is what the Clauses and Phrases in the syntax?? And give me 1 example about Clauses and Phrases in the syntax and don't forget to Explain it. Thanks you 😊
Hello Siti. Alhamdulillah, I am fine. Thank for the question.
HapusA phrase is a related group of words. The words work together as a "unit," but they do not have a subject and a verb.
Examples of Phrases
1. the boy on the bus (noun phrase)
2. will be running (verb phrase)
3. in the kitchen (prepositional phrase)
4. very quickly (adverb phrase)
5. Martha and Jan (noun phrase)
A clause is a group of words that does have both a subject and a verb. Some clauses are independent, meaning that they express a complete thought. An independent clause is the same as a complete sentence. Some clauses are dependent, meaning that they cannot stand alone. They do have a subject and a verb, but they do not express a complete thought. Another word for dependent is subordinate.
Examples of Clauses
1. When I get home (dependent or subordinate clause)
2. The lights are not on. (independent clause)
3. When you wake up (dependent or subordinate clause)
4. Put it on the shelf. (independent clause-understood subject "you)
5. Since it fell on the floor (dependent or subordinate clause)
You ask me what are clauses and phrases in syntax? The answer is that they took parts of it. You can see the examples about clauses and phrases above. The arrangement of the words in the sentences are correct. Phrases and clauses also can be a sentence and we can call it syntax. For example :
1. She got hurt when her uncle say something harsh to her in the kitchen
She got hurt is an independent Clause.
When her uncle say something harsh to her is a dependent clause.
In the kitchen is a prepositional phrase
All of them can be a sentence. We can call it syntax because it used the correct grammar structure.
Phrase is a group of the word, clause is a sentence in a complete sentence, and sentence is a group of the word consisting of the subject and predicate.
Ohh,, I know Now..
HapusThe conclusion that
A phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbals, but it does not have a subject doing a verb.
A clause is a collection of words that has a subject that is actively doing a verb. I'm Right??
Thanks You.
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HapusCan I ask again?? 😀😀
HapusYes. Of course.. it's an honour for me
HapusHello kak sikin, How you distinguish between grammar and syntax?
BalasHapusHello Wiwit. Before I give my opinion. I'd like to show you the experts' explanation about it first. According to Varalakshmi (2012) In linguistics, syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing phrases and sentences in natural
Hapuslanguages.
According to Patterson in Varalakshmi (2012) Grammar teaches the laws of language, and the right method of using it in speaking and writing.
Grammar is the general term referring to the set of rules in a given language including syntax , morphology, while syntax studies sentence structures.
It means that syntax is studied within grammar as a daughter of grammar but sister of morphology where syntax has nothing to share with internal structure of words but grammar have. So, morphology studies words forming, syntax deals with such formed words by putting them in a correct position within a phrase, clause or/and a sentence under the umbrella of grammar.
So that, I can conclude the differences between grammar and syntax is that grammar is broader than syntax. Because syntax is studied within grammar as a daughter of grammar.
Hi, before i wanna say ur presentation is good, okey, in ur presentation u said Syntax is the grammatical structure of word and phrases to create sentences, and know i wanna ask with u, what's the difference between a syntactic subject and a logical subject in a sentence use the grammatical ? Thankyou
BalasHapusThanks for the comment. I'd like to give an opinion after we read the opinion from Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar.
HapusAccording to Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar ''Logical subject'' refers to the subject of a sentence other than in a grammatical (or ''syntactic'') sense. Sentences with a logical subject (as well as a syntactic subject) usually have a passive verb.
For example, in the sentence:
The burglar was arrested by the policeman
the syntactic (grammatical) subject is ''the burglar'' but the logical subject (the doer of the action referred to - ie, the arresting) is the policeman.
In the sentence, ''The books sells easily'', the concept of a logical subject doesn't arise. ''The book'' is the syntactic/grammatical subject and, effectively, is the doer of the active verb ''sells'' (the sentence is really saying, ''The book sells itself easily'').
If the sentence was re-written, ''Sales are made easy by the book'' - referring, say, to the book's contents, cover design and price - then ''sales'' would be the syntactic/grammatical subject and ''the book'' would be the logical subject.
I can conclude that the syntatic subject/grammatical subject is a first mention subject in a sentence. But, logical subject is a subject that usually we can find in a passive voice. For example we use present tense pattern in interrogative sentence
When was my room painted by father?
The syntatic subject/grammatical subject is my room. But the logical subject is father.
So, for me very difficult to learn syntax, and i wanna ask again how is the bash syntax so strange to learn?
HapusHi sikin. I want to ask you. How about the sentences without phrase? Cause i think syntax same with the grammar
BalasHapusHello Yusuf. I've told you that the syntax is a part of grammar. But, the syntax focuses on the arrangement of words and the sentence structure. So, It's still ok if a sentence does not have a phrase. Because syntax is'nt about combining the phrases and clauses in every sentence. We could see from the usage of the words in a sentence. For example :
BalasHapus1. Linda made a cake in the kitchen yesterday.
2. Linda makes a cake.
First example, in the kitchen is a phrase of the sentence.
Second example, there is no phrase in a sentence but it's correct and we still call it syntax because it's about the words structure. How the words are arranged by us in a sentence is syntax.
Hi sis, how are you? I want to ask you about your syntax presentation. Syntax is related to grammar, right? My question is : which one is more important in a sentence between subject, predication, object, and Adverb. Include the reason why that is more important in a sentence, and give an example, thank you very much
BalasHapusI am fine. Thank you.
HapusIn simple terms, a sentence is a set of words that contain:
1. a subject (what the sentence is about, the topic of the sentence), and
2. a predicate (what is said about the subject)
Note that the predicate always contains a verb. Sometimes, in fact, the predicate is only a verb:
So we can say that a sentence must contain at least a subject and verb.
For example :
Smoke rises.
You ask me which one of them is more important. All of them are important. It depends on the language use. If someone want to tell the detail information, they should make the complete thought. For example :
I made a cake yesterday
'I' is a subject
'Made' is a verb
'A cake' is an Object
'Yesterday' is an adverb
'Made a cake yesterday' is a predicate.
So, the important of the word parts in a sentence depends on the language use.
Okay thank you very much for your answers, sorry beforehand I disagree with your opinion, because according to the book I read :"Predicate the most important in a sentence".
HapusWhat do you think if we connect with the following sentence :
"Bobby cut the goat last night"
if the removed "subject" will be :"Cut Goats Last Night" So the question is "who" appear.
If the removed object will be:
"Bobby cut last night"
So question is "what" appear.
If the removed "Adverb" will be:
"Bobby cut the goat"
So the question is "when" arises.
All the sentences above are still related to each other and do not eliminate the meaning of the sentences.
Will be fixed if the "predicate" is removed then the meaning of the sentence will change. And will be: "Bobby the goat last night"
Predicates are omitted and meaning of the sentence becomes where "Bobby becomes a goat last night".
Could you please give me the title of the book that you've read already. Cause I would like we share each other. Actually I want to back in your first question. There is not the most important part in a sentence according to me. Because a sentence should have at least subject and verb. I want you to imagine about a sentence without a subject. For example: 'cut the goat last night'
HapusIs it correct? Does it we call a sentence?
Actually, I understand what you mean. Which one is the most important between subject and predicate. But, in my opinion. Both of them are important. Because predicate is the part of a sentence (or clause) that tells us what the subject does or is. So, the conclusion is subject and predicate will make a clear sentence. Actually subject can't be a sentence without predicate. But There is one apparent exception to this – the imperative. When someone gives a command (the imperative), they usually do not use a subject. They don't say the subject because it is obvious - the subject is YOU! Look at these examples of the imperative, with and without a subject:
Stop!
Wait a minute!
You look!
Everybody look!
If you have other sources please tell me more.
assalamualaikum sikin I want to ask about syntax, do you think the syntax only deals with rules or writing rules?
BalasHapusthen what are the basics that must be mastered so that as much syntax can be easily learned?
Wa'alaikumsalam. Thanks for your question. This is not only about the rules. But it is about how you organized your words into a good sentence to make someone understand and the meaning of the words is'nt ambiguous.
HapusKak sikin cant you recomended book about syntax
BalasHapuscan you give me more examples about syntax and explanation?
BalasHapusassalamualaikum kak sikin ... I will ask about syntax, explain what is the phrase, and what are the phrases in the syntax, please specify and explain? thank you.
BalasHapusAssalamualaikum Sikin😊
BalasHapusI want to ask you.. Is a quote a kind of parenthetical?How do we deal with direct quotes in syntax? Thanks !